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India is building up its domestic solar photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing. With supportive policies, rising domestic demand, and a global push to diversify renewable energy supply chains away from dependence on China, India is working towards solar manufacturing autonomy.

From 2018 to 2023, South Africa endured a debilitating energy crisis as rolling blackouts paralysed the nation. This catastrophe stemmed from the premature decommissioning of coal plants without adequate replacement capacity. While South Africa struggled, China and India—two of the world's top coal consumers—expanded their coal infrastructure with less scrutiny, revealing a global inequity in climate policy.