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Rather, such approaches are more about providing regions, especially those heavily dependent on oil and petroleum exports, with pragmatic pathways to a clean energy transition and a bridge between legacy infrastructure and next-generation clean-tech value chains.  

Lithium mining in Zimbabwe has followed the resource curse route—a paradox of plenty. All the communities rich in lithium are frustrated with the plunder. Not one community is benefiting. Their portion is to pay the externalized costs of lithium mining: land grabbing, exhumation of the remains of loved ones, water grabbing, violence, dust and noise pollution, among others.