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Countries like South Africa, a neighbor of Botswana, have sought to prevent the import of old cars from Japan, Europe, or the US, whether EVs or gasoline-powered vehicles. South Africa requires that old cars arriving from abroad, when in transit at its seaports, must not be driven on local roads; they must be transported by haulage trucks out of the country to frontier countries. It doesn’t really work, says Juru, because ‘the same old EVs and gasoline cars are smuggled back

Shoza and a dozen women in her drivers' club work from Kagera Centre in Kagera, which is one of Tanzania's poorest rural administrative regions. They drive around, operating Chinese-made but locally improvised EV three-wheelers that transport everything from packets of noodles to pregnant mothers and medicines across rural Tanzania.