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It was on the back of this polluting legacy that South Africa made lavish demands at the 2021 Conference of the Parties (COP) to combat climate change. The EU, Canada, Germany, the UK, and France promised to provide South Africa with $8.5bn in concessional finance. In return, South Africa pledged to shift its energy matrix toward renewable energy sources. Key to South Africa’s pledges was the decommissioning of 9 of its coal power plants by 2035.

While green hydrogen certainly faces challenges ahead, reasons for optimism make it one of the most exciting carbon reduction technologies.

The steel industry provides an interesting case study of the ability of different technologies to work together to decarbonize...